Research

University student participation in physical activity toward lung vital capacity differences: comparative study of smokers and non-smokers

KP Putra, MA Al Ardha, S Tingsapat, C Wibowo, AA Sidi

Bima Loka: Journal of Physical Education 5 (2), 85-91, 2025

Smoking is a known risk factor for impaired lung function, even among physically active individuals. The harmful substances contained in cigarettes are known to disrupt lung function and damage lung tissue, which, over time, can reduce vital lung capacity. On the other hand, regular physical activity has been proven to enhance lung capacity. However, there is still a lack of research specifically comparing the vital lung capacity between physically active male smokers and non-smokers. This study aimed to determine the differences in vital lung capacity between physically active male smokers and non-smokers. The study involved 50 male university students aged 20–23 who regularly exercised twice weekly. Subjects were divided into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers with similar morphological characteristics. Vital lung capacity was measured using a digital spirometer connected to a computer. The results showed that the non-smoker group had a significantly larger vital lung capacity than the smoker group, with an average difference of 0.41 liters (p< 0.05). These findings indicate that although both groups were physically active, smoking habits still negatively impacted vital lung capacity. Although the difference may not be fatal from a physiological standpoint, it can potentially affect sports performance, particularly in disciplines that rely heavily on respiratory capacity, such as aerobic-based sports and freediving.

Heart rate response differences in aerobic and anaerobic male exercisers

KP Putra, DC Dese, MA Al Ardha, B Arbanto

Retos 66, 251-262, 2025

Introduction: Long-term exercise induces physiological adaptations that differ between aerobic and anaerobic training, affecting heart rate responses requiring further exploration. Objective: This Study compares the heart rate responses of individuals who specialized in aerobic or anaerobic training when subjected to the same physical activity trial. Method: This study conducted a stationary bike test to investigate heart rate fluctuations in 16 anaerobic (AN) and 25 aerobic (AE) male exercise enthusiasts who regularly exercise. The stationary bike test started at 50W, increased gradually by 30W until reaching230W (peak), and then gradually decreased to 50W while the heart rate was recorded every 5 seconds. Result: The results indicated no significant difference (p>0.05) in heart rate between the two groups at low intensity. However, after reaching 200W (moderate intensity), the heart rate of the AN group appeared to be lower than that of the AE group. Additionally, the heart rate during the descending phase after reaching 230W was significantly higher(p<0.05) compared to the ascending phase before the peak, and the heart rate did not return to baseline, even during the resting period after the stationary bike test. Conclusion: Anaerobic-trained individuals maintain a lower heart rate than aerobic-trained individuals at moderate or higher intensity. The post-peak heart rate is always higher than the pre-peak heart rate and does not immediately return to baseline.

Erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit do not correlate with apnoea duration among sedentary male

KP Putra, B Anugroho, FF Karwur

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 19 (4), 1095-1101, 2024

In freediving, divers rely solely on a single breath. The duration of apnoea depends on the oxygen reserves, mostly derived from the air trapped in the lungs and airways. It is necessary to investigate whether erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels correlate with the achievable apnoea duration, considering their roles as oxygen binders and carriers in the blood. This study examines the correlation between erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels and apnoea duration in 12 sedentary males. Erythrocyte and haemoglobin levels were assessed through blood sample examination in a clinical laboratory by professional personnel, while apnoea duration was measured by remaining motionless in a swimming pool at a depth of 0.5 meters, with three measurements taken. Normality test results indicated that all data were normally distributed (p > .05). Pearson correlation test results revealed no correlation between apnoea duration and erythrocyte levels, haemoglobin, or haematocrit (p > .05). From the research findings, it can be assumed that these three blood biochemical variables cannot be categorized as oxygen reserves and only function as oxygen transportation media.

Body fat levels and its negative correlation to apnea duration

KP Putra, RLNKR Triandhini, A Wicaksana, ST Messakh

Jurnal Keolahragaan 10 (1), 110-117, 2022

Apnea ability is the main determining factor of freediving performance. Apnea relates to physiological factors that might be experienced by a free diver hence its ability is highly likely to correlate with various factors of human physiology. One of the suspected factors that affect apnea duration is body fat level. The fact that fat is distributed in almost all parts of the body, including respiratory organs and tracts, arises the suspicion of a possible correlation between fat accumulation and apnea ability. This research studies the correlation between body fat level and apnea duration. 30 males, aged 18-22 were the research participant. Body fat levels were measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer, while apnea duration was measured by the length of which the participants hold their breath while sitting silently in the pool. The obtained data were then analyzed using a series of tests: normality, correlation, and linear regression tests. Pearson Correlation test shows negative result (p<0,05) with the value of correlation coefficient -0.611 which means negative correlation with medium strength. The result of the linear regression test also shows a similar value of 0.611. Meanwhile, the value of the determinant coefficient (R square) is 0.374 (37.4%). Based on the value obtained, it can be inferred that body fat levels have 37.4% influence on the duration of apnea, while the other 62.2% are influenced by a variety of other factors

VO2max is negatively correlated with breath-holding ability

KP Putra, FF Karwur, NW Hidayati

JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education) 5 (2), 139-147, 2020

Free diving (freedive) depends on the ability to hold the breath (apnea). Apnea is thought to have a correlation with the body's ability to consume oxygen (VO2max). This research aims to study the correlation between VO2max and apnea ability. Subjects in this study were men aged 20-25 years as many as 36 people. VO2max measured using MFT test, while the measurement of apnea ability is represented by the duration of apnea as measured by the duration of sitting still under water. The results of one-way correlation tests were found to be p<0.05, which means there was a correlation between VO2max and apnea duration. While the correlation coefficient of -0.44 shows that the direction of the correlation is negative with the strength of the correlation is weak. From these results it can be concluded that the higher VO2max there is a tendency for apnea ability to be lower.

Vital lung capacity is positively correlated with breath-holding ability in males aged 19-25

KP Putra, RP Pratama, KPA Nugroho

JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education) 5 (1), 25-32, 2020

Freediving is a diving activity without any breathing equipments. The durations of the dive activity depend on ability to hold breath (apnea). The ability of apnea may be affected by lung vital capacity. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between vital lung capacity and apnea duration in 30 males 19-25 years old. Vital lung capacity measured using spirometer and the duration of apnea measured using stopwatch in swimming pool. Data analyzed using 1-tailed pearson correlation test. The result shows that there is a correlation (p<0,05) between vital lung capacity and the duration of apnea. The correlation coeficient is 0,743 that means this is a strong positive correlation between the two variables.

Differences in success rates of three equalization methods among trained divers in freshwater environments

B Arbanto, KP Putra, MA Al Ardha

Jurnal Keolahragaan 6 (2), 193-199, 2018

Divers experience increase of environmental pressure when the diver descends. This pressure causes the volume of air space in the middle ear to decrease, can cause barotrauma and tympanic damage. This pressure must be equalize. There are three methods of equalization, valsava maneuver, toynbee and moving the jaw. But it is not known which method has the highest success rate. This research studied the success rate of the three methods of equalization by comparing the depth achieved by divers using the three different methods. This study was conducted on 40 trained divers in the freshwater pool with 5 meters depth. The variable measured is the number of depths (in meters) successfully achieved by divers. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the depth achieved using the Valsava maneuver with the depth achieved using the toynbee maneuver (p <0.05) and there were also significant differences between the depth achieved using the Valsava maneuver with depth achieved using the jaw moving method (p <0, 05). However, there was no significant difference between the depth achieved using the jaw moving method with depth achieved using the toynbee maneuver (p> 0.05).

Correlation of changes in VO2max, erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels following high-intensity interval training

KP Putra, MA Al Ardha, A Kinasih, RS Aji

Jurnal Keolahragaan 5 (2), 161-170, 2017

Cardiorespiratory fitness allows physical activity  for a long time and requires oxygen to gain energy. Oxygen transport mediated by hemoglobin present in erythrocytes. Cardiorespiratory fitness can be measured based on VO2max values. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) have been shown to improve VO2max. It is not clear whether the increase in VO2max is accompanied and associated with changes in hemoglobin, erythrocyte and hematocrit values. This study aim to find out the correlation of VO2max, hemoglobin, erythrocyte and hematocrit changes before and after HIIT for 8 weeks. The results VO2max increased by 7.33±4.03 (ml·kg-1·min-1) or 20.36% (p<0.05), hemoglobin and erythrocytes increased by 0.04±0.63 or 0.24% (p>0.05) and 0,02±0,22·106/µL or 0.32% (p>0.05) whereas the hematocrit decreased by 0.12±2% of blood volume or 0.27% (p>0.05) of the pre-test value. The correlation test showed a correlation (p<0.05) between changes in hemoglobin, erythrocyte and hematocrit values, but no relationship (p>0.05) with increased VO2max.